Anxiety vs.depression: Key differences & treatment approaches

In Nepal, mental health issues are often misunderstood and perceived as a complete loss of sanity. However, mental health disorders are complex and multifaceted, affecting young and elderly people alike. The stigma surrounding these conditions only adds to the suffering of those affected. While the government has initiated awareness programs, their effectiveness remains limited. What exactly constitutes a mental health disorder, why are cases increasing, and what are the treatment options? Dr. Nidesh Sapkota, Chief of the Psychiatry Department at the Patan Academy of Health Sciences, shared insights with Makalu Khabar’s Bishnu Maya Shrestha. Here are key excerpts:

What is a Mental Health Disorder?

Mental health disorders are marked by a shift in an individual’s behavior, thought patterns, and emotions, disrupting their ability to maintain a balanced mind and make sound decisions. When someone experiences profound changes in mood, thought processes, or behavior, it may be indicative of a mental health disorder. These disorders often affect not only the individual but also those around them, causing significant distress.

Anxiety and Depression: Key Differences

Dr. Sapkota emphasized that there are over 400 distinct mental health conditions, with anxiety and depression being among the most prevalent. Depression, characterized by feelings of sadness, low energy, and reduced interest in activities, is distinct from anxiety, which involves irrational fears and persistent worry.

Understanding Depression

Depression manifests as persistent feelings of sadness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and a general lack of interest in activities. It can lead to weight changes, insomnia, and even suicidal thoughts if left untreated. Depression is especially common among women due to hormonal and social pressures and must be managed with both medication and psychological counseling.

Understanding Anxiety

Anxiety involves an irrational sense of fear and worry that often lacks a specific trigger. Symptoms include rapid heartbeat, trembling, excessive sweating, and in severe cases, panic attacks. Panic attacks are intense episodes where individuals feel a loss of control, accompanied by physical symptoms like chest pain or dizziness. Dr. Sapkota describes anxiety as a broad condition that includes disorders like phobias, where a person fears specific situations, like confined spaces.

What Causes Anxiety?

Anxiety disorders are often rooted in biological, psychological, and social factors. A biological imbalance in brain chemicals, known as neurotransmitters, plays a significant role. Psychological factors, like exposure to a stressful environment or a lack of coping mechanisms, and social factors, such as isolation, also contribute. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic induced anxiety in people who previously had no history of mental health issues.

Symptoms of Anxiety

Key symptoms include a racing heart, trembling, sweating, difficulty focusing, and persistent worry. Physical symptoms may also arise, such as frequent urges to urinate or gastrointestinal discomfort.

Who is Affected by Anxiety and Depression?

Anxiety and depression affect people across all age groups. Children may experience separation anxiety, while adults, particularly those aged 40 to 50, are more susceptible to depression, especially among women due to hormonal factors and societal pressures.

Treatment for Anxiety

Treatment includes medications and lifestyle adjustments. Dr. Sapkota recommends regular exercise, yoga, meditation, and a balanced diet to manage stress. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and counseling are also essential for treating anxiety.

How to Prevent Anxiety?

To prevent anxiety, individuals should develop a proactive approach to managing stress by establishing a structured routine. Recognizing personal triggers and adopting a balanced lifestyle can significantly reduce the likelihood of anxiety.

The Role of Family and Society

Family support is crucial in helping individuals with anxiety and depression. Family members who understand and empathize with the affected person can provide a support system that aids in the recovery process. Social support, instead of judgment, can be vital in managing these conditions.

Government’s Role in Mental Health Awareness

The government has made efforts to address mental health issues, such as suicide prevention initiatives. However, Dr. Sapkota emphasizes that mental health education should be integrated into the national curriculum, just like information on diabetes or high blood pressure. Raising awareness in educational settings would help dismantle the stigma surrounding mental health.

Final Message

Mental health disorders are universal and can affect anyone. According to the World Health Organization, one in four individuals will experience a mental health disorder in their lifetime. Early treatment and support are key to recovery. Dr. Sapkota urges anyone experiencing symptoms to consult a mental health professional and encourages society to treat these issues with compassion rather than stigma.

-Bishnu Maya Shrestha